Recognizing Privelege and Oppression

Social Change: With Privilege Comes Oppression

Marc S. Cutler

Specialization: Clinical Psychology

Walden University

5/5/2019

Social Change: With Privilege Comes Oppression

There is a profound concern with the history of humanity and the acquiring of resources beyond what is needed.  This Web Blog will discuss the acquisition of resources such as food, shelter, wealth, power, and control.  Those that have or are perceived to have more food, shelter wealth, power, and control will be recognized in this paper as the privileged, while those that have less than the privilege will be known as the oppressed.  First, I will identify myself toward the purpose of this discussion with tacit theories and educational and professional credentials.  Next, with empirical evidence from peer-reviewed articles and secondary resources, I will express my question toward positive social change regarding privilege and oppression.  Furthermore, I will express this information through a conflict theory lens.  Finally, the paper will postulate some steps to potentially advance social change for the conversation of privilege and oppression.  The purpose of this Web blog is to express evidence-based research to express the fundamental purposes of changing present social structures to ensure that individuals gain success through achievements rather than perceived privilege.

The Author

            I have become increasingly concerned about privilege and oppression when I read Johnson (2018).  Johnson is a white male of Ashkenazi Jewish descent that lives a scholarly middle-class life in rural Connecticut.  I am a Caucasian male of Ashkenazi Jewish descent that lives a scholarly middle-class life in rural Connecticut.  Initially, I knew that discrimination existed in society, but did not attribute this to the theory of privilege and oppression.  I read Johnson’s book of 130 pages in one day and exhibited sadness toward the inequalities of the United States.  After reading Sue (2011), I understood this feeling as white dialectics, which are white individuals that identify their privilege, but do not want privilege.  After this moment, I realized that I can ally with the oppressed for support and that is one of the reasons for writing this web blog.

            Professionally, I worked ten years as a chef in kitchens with individuals that identified as: Hmong, Fuzhounese, Nepalese, Indonesian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, El Salvadorian, Brazilian, Venezuelan, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Uruguayan, Dominican, Jamaican, Polish, African American, and Caucasian.  Many of these ethnicities have profound differences, however, a personal experience noticed that there is a commonality of friendship through empathy.  I left restaurants to pursue higher education; specifically, in psychology.  I have been required to take multicultural psychology courses in undergraduate and graduate levels.  Furthermore, most research and practitioner courses require an element of multicultural psychological understanding, interpretations, and applications.  Finally, when conceptualizing a case or client, the psychologist is required to report client’s identified cultures.  The psychologist is required to introspectively understand their competencies with the multicultural client, as well as similarities and potential conflicts.  Developing a theory around multiculturalism may be beneficial against covert microaggressions that may hinder the progress of therapy, therapeutic alliance, and/or intervention of the client (Sue et al., 2019).

            Finally, I worked as a behavioral school teacher for three years in an urban setting, where many of the children come from cultures that have been historically oppressed by American society.  Furthermore, the children are labeled as ‘bad’ which may be another variable toward oppression.  Currently, I work as a clinician working with individuals that identify from multiple cultures and feel competent to work with children from multicultural backgrounds that feel oppression due to culture, mental illness, and educational attainment.

            My background does not make me an expert on privilege and oppression but provides an understanding and appreciation to provide scholarly evidence to support the social problem and to assist in providing mitigation.  This post is not a means for sudden social change, but to potentially create more allies to further the movement against privilege and oppression and to prepare society for the changes to teach children about privilege and oppression.

Culture and Human Socialization

Humans tend to live near individuals that are like themselves.  According to Martin et al. (2013), cultural clusters is a global phenomenon where individuals tend to cluster with similar individuals based on culture.  This may be ideal for individuals that are one culture, however, there is a common belief that every individual is multicultural.  There may be more similarities between different cultures than there are between individuals of the same culture (Martin et al., 2013).  Furthermore, national, state, territories, towns, and city boundaries may not coalesce with boundaries between cultural clusters and different cultural clusters may claim similar areas.  This can result in significant dissonance and misunderstandings between cultures.

            Cultures are defined as a set of beliefs, values, and traditions that are shared among a population (Ballard, Caccavale, & Buchanan, 2015).  Thus, cultures can be defined into many groups.  Many cultures are instilled from an early age, while others are acquired as the individual identifies more with a specific culture.  If an individual identifies with that culture or was raised in a certain culture, that individual may form positive opinions and biases toward the culture (Ballard et al., 2015).   

Ainslie (2018) postulated that cultural identity may promote social identity.  Social identity is defined as the identification of the individual within a group that also perceives others as a threat to the group (Ainslie, 2018).  This may promote overt hostility, microaggressions, and ignorance to the identification of another group.  For example, individuals that celebrate Christmas may perceive winter as a time of joy, family, and presents.  Individuals that do not share a similar reaction may be perceived as different or identified as a ‘Scrooge’.  People who have always experienced Christmas may not understand the cultural differences of those who have not experienced Christmas.  Another perspective may have viewed Christmas as a joyous time of year, while others may have not, and yet, the two groups may not understand or consider the opposite. 

Privilege and Oppression

            There are many differences between cultures, and it is impossible for an individual to be competent with all the differences, however privilege and oppression may still be produced.  According to Johnson (2018), most oppression occurs when harm has not been identified.  Arnold, Crawford, and Khalifa (2016) suggested assumptions are made to interact with the world in a time efficient manner known as heuristics.  Heuristics are educated predictions but can be distorted.  A distorted assumption may produce oppression due to incorrect information being placed on an individual.  For example, an individual has a darker complexion like an individual that has Hispanic ancestry, however, has a parent that is Caucasian and a parent that is Black.  The individual is assumed to be Hispanic and speak Spanish, yet, this is not the case and assuming this may be harmful toward the individual.  This form of oppression may produce negative emotions, but sometimes oppression can result in violence.

            Black individuals may have a profound challenge attaining the same level of status as a Caucasian individual when it comes to education, employment, and wages.  McIntosh (1990) suggested that Black individuals may carry around a proverbial knapsack that stores extra burdens compared to Caucasian individuals.  This could be due to the concentration of Black individuals living in urban environments below the poverty line and assumed to participate in illicit activities to make money.  Although some may participate in these actions, this is not based on race, however, may be an automatic assumption from others (Johnson, 2018).

Evolutionary Considerations of Privilege and Oppression

            One question to consider when suggesting privilege and oppression is ‘How did humanity get here?’  According to Gopaldas (2013), humans have the innate ability to interact with other humans to create tools and perform tasks that a human may not be able to achieve alone.  For example, many people have smart phones in their pocket that has been designed and produced by thousands of individuals to make tasks potentially easier, yet, the individual may not know how to make an entire smart phone alone.  Furthermore, Cowley and Marcos (2019) suggested that humans evolved to have vocal apparatuses and brain localizations to develop an articulate language that can convey agreed upon abstract thoughts and actions.  This suggests that humans are evolutionarily advantaged for social understanding and a sense of belonging.  This is, however, contradictory toward the overall perspectives of humanity.

            MacDonald (2009) postulated that human societal structures has advanced exponentially, yet, human brain development may be operating based on survival tactics designed to survive a million years ago.  This means that the relative safety and abundance of resources that society has developed is potentially not cognitively considered by the human brain.  Evolutionary psychologists suggested that humans, prior to farming, were hunters and gatherers.  Humans would gorge on resources due to potential spoilage and unknown expectation of next meals (MacDonald, 2009).  With increased farming production techniques, genetic modification, artificial selection, and food processing, access to food has increased substantially, yet, humans will sometimes consume, on average, more calories than are required for functioning (Golpaldas, 2013).  This may be due to the innate belief of not knowing when the next meal will be obtained.  This over-consumption of food and collecting supplies may apply toward other resources.

Conflict Theory

            Karl Marx (as cited in Ober and Jabeen, 2016) proposed that conflicts occur based on the collection of limited resources.  The individuals that have the resources become the privileged, as well as those that appear like these individuals.  Those that have less of the resources are the oppressed.  Although humans require socialization to achieve what an individual cannot, humans may be socially trained to socialize with similar individuals forming a culture (Golpaldas, 2013).  A culture may be more likely to help and share resources, while individuals not from that culture are assumed to want resources for their own culture (MacDonald, 2009).  This interaction may correlate to conflict and violence.   Furthermore, if one culture has more resources than the other, the other may seek to obtain these resources through either trade or by conflict.  When a culture does not receive resources, conflict may occur (Golpaldas, 2013).  History may identify power and land obtainment as an antecedent or correlation toward war (the conflict).

Modern Privilege and Oppression

            In the United States, individuals may suggest that racism no longer exists, equality has been granted toward many cultures, and that gender differences have been mitigated.  According to Johnson (2018), many forms of discrimination still exist, however, are more accepted as covert discrimination rather than overt discrimination.  This means that blatant targeting of an individual based on race is socially improper, but if an individual was denied employment based on race may be more challenging to detect.

For the purpose of privilege and oppression there must be an understanding that privilege goes beyond racism.  Although racism is a modality of privilege and oppression, Johnson (2018) and Sue et al. (2019) identified privilege and oppression in the dynamics of racism, sexism, gender identity, sexual preference, ableism, ageism, socioeconomic status, religion, beliefs, and many others.  This web blog does not intend to minimize racism but to express that there is a global concern that goes above racism and influences society.

Current privilege may be easily identifiable within the United States.  Johnson (2018), identifies the apex of privilege within the United States as a perceived male, Caucasian, Protestant Christian, muscular, high socioeconomic status, moderately intelligent, physically able, and other features.  If an individual is not perceived as this, they may be perceived as different or exotic.  Another oppression occurs when those that are assumed to come from a culture that does not belong to that culture (Sue, 2011).  For example, a male that is perceived as Caucasian but has a parent of African descent is told a racist joke about an African individual.  The individual saying the joke perceived the individual as Caucasian and not African, thus thought the joke was appropriate for a laugh.  Although jokes that involve racism may never be appropriate, the joke was meant to produce laughter in the other, yet, produced a microaggression (Sue et al., 2019).  Furthermore, when the individual of African descent mentioned the joke was offensive, the other individual was not educated in privilege and suggested the other to relax as it was ‘just a joke.’  This is another attempt at easing the scenario, yet, may produce another microaggression (Sue et al., 2019).  This may be the foundation of privilege and oppression.  Much of the Web blog will continue with examples of privilege and oppression and how this may be mitigated for future generations.

Role of the Psychologist on Social Change

            Psychology is the scientific discipline of human behaviors, which are constantly evolving.  Psychologists have a set of ethics and principles highlighted in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (EPPCC; American Psychological Association, 2017) that are the responsibility and aspirations of any individual within the realm of psychology.   The ethical principles are a list of aspirations that should guide the psychologist in practice and to improve upon the basic tenet of scientific discovery and application.  The first principle is beneficence/non-maleficence (American Psychological Association, 2017).  This translates to the concept of do good and do no harm.  These phrases may seem similar but are conflicting elements of the principle.

 Many research experiments were meant for good.  For example, according to Kaposi (2017), Milgram’s obedience experiments were designed to understand how good individuals can commit horrific crimes.  Milgram designed the experiment with a teacher and a learner and required the teacher and learning to sit in separate rooms only connected by an intercom system.  The teacher asked question about memory that the learner had to answer correctly, but if answered wrong, the learner would receive an electric shock that would progressively become stronger with each wrong answer.   Toward the higher levels, the learner would inform the teacher that they had a heart condition and would not be able to handle stronger shocks.  Milgram was the experimenter with the teacher and informing the teacher that the experiment must continue.  What the teacher was unaware of is that the learner was a confederate and was not receiving any shocks.  An astounding percentage of teachers would provide the highest shock possible to the learner knowing that the learner may die but the responsibility would fall on the experimenter.  This experiment would not physically hurt anyone but would potentially result in emotional distress in the teacher participants. 

Kaposi (2017) suggested that the experiment was meant for good intentions but produced harm in the participants through deception and emotional trauma.  Sometimes deception is allowed in psychological research but must be carefully examined to produce minimal to no harm.  For many reasons, the EPPCC demanded that for ethical principles to be applied, the psychologist must have the best intentions without any individual receiving harm (American Psychological Association, 2017).

Role of Psychology

            Psychology is the study of human behaviors as indicated in multiple domains.  Some psychologists study normal human behavior, others study human behaviors based on working conditions, others study health science and human behaviors, and some study deviations from normal behavior and how this may negatively impact the individual.  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders- Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), for a mental disorder to be diagnosed, symptoms must negatively impact the function of the individual in society.  Thus, Kozan and Blustein (2018) suggested that counselling psychologists require the study of social interactions to modify social understanding and apply adaptive adaptability toward clients.  This means that not only is therapy designed to improve the individual but also the individual is altered into another agent of social change.

            The purpose of creating social change may be evident in interpersonal psychotherapy.  According to Johnson et al. (2019), interpersonal psychotherapy postulated that the communication styles socially acceptable may be maladaptive, reactive, and promote the formation of invalidation and mental disorders.  For example, if an individual yells, it is socially acceptable to yell back.  This is, however, counterproductive to adaptive communication (Johnson et al., 2019).  Interpersonal psychotherapy teaches the client to be less reactive and more adaptive in communication styles potentially altering the communication styles of others in interactions.

            From a personal perspective, I conduct therapy to improve the communication styles with others since many of the clients that I see have profound concerns with communication and wish to have better relationships with others.  The interactions between the child and adult tend to be strained with stress and maladaptive communication styles that may require improvement to increase the satisfaction of life. 

Psychology and Oppression

            Multiculturalism has become a potential modern focus on the development of psychological practices.  According to Koch et al. (2018), there is a paradigm shift occurring between the older professional psychologists and the emerging professional psychologists regarding multicultural competencies.  With emerging psychological research suggesting that identification of the individual’s culture is more adaptive than attempting to enculturate (Johnson, 2018).  Previous psychological practices suggested to rely on color or cultural blindness to ensure each client is treated in a relatively similar fashion.  This promotes the concern of which culture is adaptive and enculturated on the client in therapy.  Attempting to mitigate discrimination through color or cultural blindness may be oppressive since the culture being applied tends to be the majority (Johnson, 2018).  This suggests that multiculturalism is an important component to understanding the client and creating better life satisfaction.

            This may suggest that the psychologist is aware of any and all oppressive statements, which is not accurate or feasible.  According to Johnson (2018), understanding oppression is the knowledge that what the individual says may be perceived as damaging.  It is more meaningful to express empathic responses to the unintentional damage than to deny damage occurred (Johnson et al., 2019).  This means that it is more adaptive to apologize than to suggest, “It was a joke,” or, “You are taking it the wrong way.”  Thus, it may be impossible to be culturally competent for all worldly cultures.  A sense of humility, empathy, and understanding that oppression may occur even unintentionally may assist in the eventual elimination of privilege and oppression.

Theoretical Framework

            Science is based on theories to develop understanding of phenomena, or to develop and modify other theories.  Greenfield (2018) suggested that theoretical frameworks for positive social change are tested theories that are meant as guidance toward doing good and doing no harm.  Theoretical frameworks are tested theories to suggest purposes for human behavior in the process of obtaining needs (Greenfield, 2018).  For this purpose, theoretical frameworks guide psychological research to identify if the theory can be applied toward the population.  For example, this paper will apply social identity theory and conflict theory toward the assumptions of privilege and oppression.  These guiding theories represent an understanding of social constructs developed to create privilege and oppression, and the social benefit.  Although privilege benefits the majority, as in doing good, others are feeling oppression, not minimizing do no harm.  This is a societal problem requiring social change.

Why Important for Social Change?

            The importance of doing good and to do no harm are crucial for the success of positive social change.  The provided example will suggest social change that will improve one ethnicity but profoundly devastate another (It must be understood that I do not condone the actions and I was raised Ashkenazi Jewish).  According to Lawson (2018), Germany after the first World War was economically devastated, so a radical political party was able to change the country and improve the economy while harming and murdering millions of individuals.  This made Germany potentially the strongest military and economic force in the world at the time, thus, there was good intentions, but horrific results (Lawson, 2018).  The purpose of this brief vignette is to express that positive social change should only be conducted by those of higher education to prevent potential harm toward any groups.

            This is where psychologists may be applied to the equation toward positive social change.  Shagurova et al. (2016) postulated that psychologists can research and compare human behaviors and modify maladaptive behaviors to seek harmony.  From a privilege and oppression lens, Johnson (2018) and Sue et al, (2019) suggested that psychologists can assist with focusing on the similarities while understanding and appreciating the cultural differences.  This means that humans may be seeking the same resources and the means to survive but will do so in different cultural behaviors.  This does not make one culture dominant over another, but just different patterns toward a similar result. 

Uphill Battle

            One major concern for psychologists promoting positive social change is that past experiences may hinder the belief of psychological altruism.  Past research in psychology included the Milgram obedience, Zimbardo’s Stanford prison, Watson’s Little Albert experiment, and others (Morrison & Sacchetto, 2018).  Furthermore, cognitive assessments have been used to determine superiority between ethnicities (Nagendra et al., 2018).  This may have promoted a history of mistrust of psychologists among certain ethnicities; regardless of the formation of the EPPCC (American Psychological Association, 2017).  The psychologists conducting the past unethical research had quality intentions, but with misguided societal perceptions and confounding variables.

Ethnic Oppression

            There are many forms of discrimination, but ethnic discrimination continues to be a profound concern across the world.  Sue et al. (2019) suggested that microaggressions are observed as socially appropriate, yet, current political and racial concerns have made overt racism more socially acceptable.  According to Ayon, Messing, Gurrola, and Valencia-Garcia (2018), Mexican female immigrants may be entering the United States illegally to escape violence, yet, modern culture has promoted discrimination and overt ethnic oppression toward this population.  Furthermore, Brown, Rosnick and Segrist (2017), suggested that African American oppression has potentially formed an internalized inferiority.  Both are examples of ethnic oppression that exacerbate the situation. 

            According to Grekin (2012), privilege and oppression may provide more access or less access to means, but this gap may promote racism from both sides.  Many individuals that have privilege are not required to understand or recognize privilege and oppression (Johnson, 2018).  This promotes a potential ignorance toward the privilege that do not understand the challenges preventing others from reaching a similar goal.  According to Johnson (2018), the challenges of oppressed individuals may promote internalizing inferiority and prevent the individual from attaining this goal, thus, those from the privilege may associate this with laziness or being unmotivated.  This may be a profound challenge as it may produce racism and resentment from both sides.

            According to Grekin (2012), racial differences can be noticed through the differences in illicit activities.  Grekin (2012) suggested that African Americans were more likely to consume higher quantities of alcohol, however, this is not based on genetic differences between races, per se, but the differences of control and oppression.  Furthermore, Maschi, Morgen, Leibowitz, and Rees (2019) suggested that of individuals incarcerated, 1 in 3 blacks have lifelong incarceration while Caucasians are 1 in 17.  This discrepancy is multifaceted in not only the level of severity in the crime but also racial bias, an intergenerational anticipation that money may come from illegal actions, and/or the increase of mental illness that correlates with oppression and poverty (Maschi et al. 2019).  There are no easy answers to mitigating privilege and oppression and the concerns may lie in the social structures, media exposure, and derogatory language socially acceptable as insults.

Promoting Racism through Ethnic Oppression

            Individuals that have privilege and do not recognize privilege may wonder why minorities may be more likely to live in poverty, less likely to attain higher education, and more likely to commit crimes.  According to Johnson (2018) and Sue et al. (2019), oppression adds additional challenges to meet similar expectations and when failed can demoralize and promote resentment toward those with privilege.  Privilege promotes a discriminatory assumption toward those with oppression, while oppression may promote a discriminatory assumption toward those with privilege (Johnson, 2018).  Thus, privilege can be one sided, but racism can come from both sides.

            Furthermore, a past assumption of using color-blindness to combat privilege and oppression and racism may have failed.  According to Chao, Wei, Good, and Flores (2011), color blindness was used to view individuals from the same race, yet, with so many unique ethnicities, differences were ignored and the ethnicity of the privileged tended to be forced.  This means that although individuals suggested many similarities between ethnicities, there were ignored differences that were forced to be enculturated by the privilege ethnicity.  In the United States, this forced privileged ethnicity was mostly Caucasian, Western European, and Protestant culture.

Web Blog Platform

            For the purposes of this Web blog, I will be using Blogger.  The purpose is because of an already existing Gmail email account and the easy online build.  As an individual from Generation Y, I should be more knowledgeable about internet coding but as a psychology major, I have worried that the use of technology may hinder the human interactive experience.  Thus, I attempt to use technology for beneficial purposes and attempt to avoid other more modern purposes of technology.

Conclusion

            This weblog was not designed to change individuals from committing oppression.  The purpose of this blog is to recognize that words have meaning and power and can be perceived as oppressive.  Many times, oppression was not the objective, but oppression was perceived.  Thus, recognizing oppression is essentially understanding this can occur, have a sense of humility, and many times apologize as this was a valid perceived verbal assault.  Humans may have flaws and to recognize these flaws may be the start to change.  Exposing individuals to the ideas of privilege and oppression may be enough for this to be recognized.  Many may deny their privilege; thus, it may be more beneficial to teach children to recognize privilege and oppression.  Johnson (2018) suggested that change must occur with the younger generations being raised to recognize rather than attempt to alter the social order faster.  This is a slow process that will take many generations as privilege may change over the years toward another majority.  All we can do is share the knowledge and hope that children will become allies in the fight against privilege and oppression.

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